TY - JOUR
T1 - Estimating drug consumption during a college sporting event from wastewater using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
AU - Lemas, Dominick J.
AU - Loop, Mathew Shane
AU - Duong, Michelle
AU - Schleffer, Andrew
AU - Collins, Clark
AU - Bowden, John Alfred
AU - Du, Xinsong
AU - Patel, Keval
AU - Ciesielski, Austin L.
AU - Ridge, Zach
AU - Wagner, Jarrad
AU - Subedi, Bikram
AU - Delcher, Chris
N1 - Funding Information:
This work represents a unique collaboration between the Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, the Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, UF Physical Plant Division, UF Utilities and Energy Services, and the University Athletic Association. Additionally, the Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K01DK115632), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Awards UL1 TR000064 and UL1TR001427. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the University of Florida's Clinical and Translational Science Institute, or the National Institutes of Health.” Lynn Dirk, MAMC, provided editorial assistance.
Funding Information:
This work represents a unique collaboration between the Department of Health Outcomes and Policy, the Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, UF Physical Plant Division, UF Utilities and Energy Services, and the University Athletic Association. Additionally, the Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases ( K01DK115632 ), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Awards UL1 TR000064 and UL1TR001427 . The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the University of Florida's Clinical and Translational Science Institute, or the National Institutes of Health.” Lynn Dirk, MAMC, provided editorial assistance.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2021/4/10
Y1 - 2021/4/10
N2 - Consumption of licit and/or illicit compounds during sporting events has traditionally been monitored using population surveys, medical records, and law enforcement seizure data. This pilot study evaluated the temporal and geospatial patterns in drug consumption during a university football game from wastewater using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Untreated wastewater samples were collected from three locations within or near the same football stadium every 30 min during a university football game. This analysis leveraged two LCMS/ MS instruments (Waters Acquity TQD and a Shimadzu 8040) to analyze samples for 58 licit or illicit compounds and some of their metabolites. Bayesian multilevel models were implemented to estimate mass load and population-level drug consumption, while accounting for multiple instrument runs and concentrations censored at the lower limit of quantitation. Overall, 29 compounds were detected in at least one wastewater sample collected during the game. The 10 most common compounds included opioids, anorectics, stimulants, and decongestants. For compounds detected in more than 50% of samples, temporal trends in median mass load were correlated with the timing of the game; peak loads for cocaine and tramadol occurred during the first quarter of the game and for phentermine during the third quarter. Stadium-wide estimates of the number of doses of drugs consumed were rank ordered as follows: oxycodone (n = 3246) > hydrocodone (n = 2260) > phentermine (n = 513) > cocaine (n = 415) > amphetamine (n = 372) > tramadol (n = 360) > pseudoephedrine (n = 324). This analysis represents the most comprehensive assessment of drug consumption during a university football game and indicates that wastewater-based epidemiology has potential to inform public health interventions focused on reducing recreational drug consumption during large-scale sporting events.
AB - Consumption of licit and/or illicit compounds during sporting events has traditionally been monitored using population surveys, medical records, and law enforcement seizure data. This pilot study evaluated the temporal and geospatial patterns in drug consumption during a university football game from wastewater using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Untreated wastewater samples were collected from three locations within or near the same football stadium every 30 min during a university football game. This analysis leveraged two LCMS/ MS instruments (Waters Acquity TQD and a Shimadzu 8040) to analyze samples for 58 licit or illicit compounds and some of their metabolites. Bayesian multilevel models were implemented to estimate mass load and population-level drug consumption, while accounting for multiple instrument runs and concentrations censored at the lower limit of quantitation. Overall, 29 compounds were detected in at least one wastewater sample collected during the game. The 10 most common compounds included opioids, anorectics, stimulants, and decongestants. For compounds detected in more than 50% of samples, temporal trends in median mass load were correlated with the timing of the game; peak loads for cocaine and tramadol occurred during the first quarter of the game and for phentermine during the third quarter. Stadium-wide estimates of the number of doses of drugs consumed were rank ordered as follows: oxycodone (n = 3246) > hydrocodone (n = 2260) > phentermine (n = 513) > cocaine (n = 415) > amphetamine (n = 372) > tramadol (n = 360) > pseudoephedrine (n = 324). This analysis represents the most comprehensive assessment of drug consumption during a university football game and indicates that wastewater-based epidemiology has potential to inform public health interventions focused on reducing recreational drug consumption during large-scale sporting events.
KW - Football game
KW - Illicit and prescription drugs
KW - Mass spectrometry
KW - Wastewater-based epidemiology
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85098474451&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143963
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143963
M3 - Article
C2 - 33385644
AN - SCOPUS:85098474451
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 764
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
M1 - 143963
ER -